호모 사피엔스, 즉 현생인류는 약 200,000만년 전 현대 에티오피아 근처의 동아프리카에서 진화했습니다. 그들은 오랫동안 아프리카에서 살았습니다. 약 55,000년 전에 그들은 유라시아를 포함해 세계 여러 지역으로 흩어졌고, 때가 되면 세계를 지배하게 되었습니다.
The oldest evidence of human existence in 유럽 발견되었다 바초 키로 동굴, 불가리아. 이 장소의 인간 유해는 47,000년 전의 것으로 추정됩니다. H. 사피엔스 현재보다 47,000년 전에 동유럽에 도달했습니다.
그러나 유라시아는 네안데르탈인의 땅이었다.호모 네안데르탈렌시스), an extinct species of ancient humans who lived in 유럽 and Asia between 400,000 years before present to about 40,000 years before present. They were good tool maker and hunter. H. sapiens did not evolve from neanderthals. Instead, both were close relatives. As shown in fossil records, neanderthals differed markedly from Homo sapiens anatomically in the skull, ear bones and pelvis. The former were shorter in height, had stockier bodies and had heavy brows and big noses. Therefore, based on significant differences in physical traits, neanderthals and homo sapiens are traditionally considered to be two distinct species. Nevertheless, H. 네안데르탈 렌 시스 과 H. 사피엔스 interbred outside Africa when the later met neanderthals in Eurasia after leaving Africa. The present human populations whose ancestors had lived outside Africa have about 2% neanderthal DNA in their genome. Neanderthal ancestry is found in modern African populations as well perhaps because of migration of 유럽인 into Africa over the past 20,000 years.
The co-existence of neanderthals and H. sapiens in the 유럽 has been debated. Some thought that the neanderthals disappeared from northwestern 유럽 before the arrival of H. sapiens. Based on the study of stone tools and fragments of skeletal remains at the site, it was not possible to determine whether specific excavated levels at archaeological sites are associated with Neanderthals or H. sapiens. After reaching 유럽,했다 H. 사피엔스 네안데르탈인이 멸종되기 전에 네안데르탈인과 함께 살았습니까?
독일 라니스의 Ilsenhöhle 고고학 유적지의 Lincombian-Ranisian-Jerzmanowician(LRJ) 석기 산업은 흥미로운 사례입니다. 이 유적지가 네안데르탈인과 연관되어 있는지 호모 사피엔스(H. sapiens)와 연관되어 있는지 여부는 결정적으로 입증될 수 없습니다.
In studies published recently, researchers extracted the 고대 DNA from the skeletal fragments from this site and upon mitochondrial DNA analysis and direct radiocarbon dating of the remains found that remains belonged to modern human population and were about 45,000 years old which makes it the earliest H. sapiens remains in Northern 유럽.
The studies showed that Homo sapiens were present in central and northwestern 유럽 long before extinction of Neanderthals in southwestern 유럽 and indicated that both species coexisted in Europe during the transitional period for about 15,000 years. H. sapiens at LRJ were small pioneer groups who were connected to wider populations of H. sapiens in eastern and central Europe.It was also found that around 45,000-43,000 years ago, cold climate prevailed across the sites at Ilsenhöhle and had a cold steppe setting. Directly dated human bones at the site suggest that H. sapiens could use the site and operate thus showing ability to adapt to the prevailing severe cold conditions.
The studies are significant because it identifies an early spread of H. sapiens into cold steppes in northern 유럽 45,000 years ago. The humans could adapt to the extreme cold conditions and operate as small mobile groups of pioneers.
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참조 :
- 마일로포타미타키, D., 와이스, M., 퓨라스, H. 외. 호모 사피엔스는 45,000년 전에 유럽의 고위도 지역에 도달했습니다. 자연 626, 341–346 (2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-023-06923-7
- 페데르자니, S., 브리튼, K., 트로스트, M. et al. 안정 동위원소는 호모 사피엔스가 약 45,000년 전 독일 라니스의 일젠회흘레(Ilsenhöhle)에서 추운 대초원으로 분산되었음을 보여줍니다. 냇 에코콜 에볼(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02318-z
- 스미스, GM, 루벤스, K., 자발라, EI 외. 독일 라니스 일젠회흘레에 서식하는 약 45,000년 된 호모 사피엔스의 생태, 생활 및 식습관. 냇 에콜 에볼(2024). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41559-023-02303-6
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